The Schopenhauer Cure

A Novel

Irvin D. Yalom

To my community of older buddies who grace me with their friendship, share life`s

inexorable diminishments and losses, and continue to sustain me with their wisdom and

dedication to the life of the mind: Robert Berger, Murray Bilmes, Martel Bryant, Dagfinn

Føllesdahl, Joseph Frank, Van Harvey, Julius Kaplan, Herbert Kotz, Morton Lieberman,

Walter Sokel, Saul Spiro, and Larry Zaroff.

9

_________________________

Inendless space countless

luminous spheres, round each

of which some dozen smaller

illuminated ones revolve, hot

at the core and covered with a

cold hard crust on which a

mouldy film has produced

living and knowing beings—this

is...the real, the world.

_________________________

Julius`s spacious Pacific Heights home was far grander than any he could now possibly

afford to buy: he was one of the lucky millionaires in San Francisco who had the good

fortune to buy a house, any house, thirty years earlier. It was his wife, Miriam`s, thirty–thousand–dollar–inheritance money that had made the purchase possible, and, unlike any

other investment Julius and Miriam had ever made, the house`s value had rocketed

upward. After Miriam`s death, Julius considered selling the house—it was far too large

for one person—but instead he moved his office into the first floor of the house.

Four steps led from the street to a landing with a blue–tiled fountain. On the left, a

few stairs led to Julius`s office, on the right was a longer stairway to his home. Philip

arrived precisely on time. Julius greeted him at the door, escorted him into the office, and

gestured toward an auburn leather chair.

«Some coffee or tea?»

But Philip did not look around as he took his seat and, ignoring Julius`s offer, said,

«I await your decision about supervision.»

«Ah, once again, straight to the business at hand. I`ve having a difficult time with

that decision. Lots of questions. There`s something about your request—a deep

contradiction—that puzzles the hell out of me.»

«Undoubtedly, you want to know why I`m asking you for supervision after being

so dissatisfied with you as a therapist?»

«Precisely. In exceedingly clear language you claimed that our therapy was a

colossal failure, a waste of three years and a great deal of your money.»

«There`s no true contradiction,” Philip replied instantaneously. «One can be a

competent therapist and supervisor even though one fails with a particular patient.

Research shows that therapy, in any hands, is unsuccessful for about a third of patients.

Besides, there`s no doubt I played a significant role in the failure—my stubbornness, my

rigidity. Your only error was to choose the wrong type of therapy for me and then persist

in it far too long. However, I`m not incognizant of your effort, even your interest, in

helping me.»

«Sounds good, Philip. Sounds logical. But still, to ask for supervision from a

therapist who gave you nothing in therapy. Dammed if I`d do it—I`d find someone else. I

have a feeling that there`s something more, something you`re not saying.»

«Perhaps a modest retraction is in order. It is not entirely accurate to say I got

nothing from you. You did make two statements that stuck with me and may have played

some instrumental role in my recovery.»

For a moment Julius fumed about having to ask for details. Did Philip think he

wouldn`t be interested? Could he be that much of a space cadet? Finally, he gave in and

said, «And which two statements?»

«Well, the first statement doesn`t sound like much, but it had some power. I had

been telling you about one of my typical evenings—you know, picking up a woman

somewhere, taking her to dinner, the seduction scene in my bedroom with the same

routine and the same mood music. I remember asking your opinion of my evening and

whether you found it distasteful or immoral.»

«I don`t remember my answer.»

«You said you found it neither distasteful nor immoral, only boring. It jolted me to

think that I was living a boring, repetitious life.»

«Ah, interesting. So that was one statement. The other?»

«We were discussing tombstone epitaphs. I don`t remember why, but I believe you

had raised the question of what epitaph I might select for myself...”

«Very possible. I`ve used that question when I feel at an impasse and need some

shocking intervention. And...?»

«Well, you suggested that I might have my tombstone engraved with the phrase

«He liked to fuck.» And then you added that the phrase could be a good epitaph for my

dog too—that I could use the same stone for both me and the dog.»

«Pretty strong stuff. Was I really that harsh?»

«Whether it is harsh or not is irrelevant. What`s important is its effectiveness and

persistence. Much later, maybe ten years later, I made use of it.»

«Time–delayed interventions! I`ve always had a hunch they`re more important than

usually thought. Always meant to do a study of that. But for our purposes today tell me,

why were you reluctant at our last meeting to mention these, to acknowledge that I had in

some way, even some small way, been useful to you?»

«Julius, I`m not sure I see the relevance of this to the issue at hand—that is,

whether you are or are not willing to be my psychotherapy supervisor? And to permit me

in return to be your Schopenhauerian adviser?»

«The fact that you don`t see the relevance makes it all that more relevant. Philip,

I`m not going to attempt to be diplomatic. Here it is straight: I`m not certain you`re

basically equipped to be a therapist, and hence I have some doubts that supervision

makes sense.»

«You say, not ‘equipped`? Clarify please,” said Philip with no trace of discomfort.

«Well, let me put it this way. I`ve always regarded therapy more as a calling than a

profession, a way of life for people who care about others. I don`t see sufficient caring in

you. The good therapist wants to alleviate suffering, wants to help people grow. But I see

in you only disdain for others—look at the way you dismissed and insulted your students.

Therapists need to relate to their patients, whereas you care little about how others feel.

Take the two of us. You tell me that, on the basis of my phone call to you, you made the

assumption that I had a fatal illness. Yet never did you utter a word of consolation or

sympathy.»

«Would that have helped—mumbling some vacuous words of sympathy? I gave

you more, much more. I constructed and delivered an entire lecture for you.»

«I understand that now. But it was all so oblique, Philip. It made me feel like I was

being managed, not cared about. Better for me, much better, if you had been direct, if you

had sent some message from your heart to mine. Nothing monumental, maybe just some

simple inquiry into my situation or state of mind, or, Christ, you might have simply said,

‘I`m sorry to hear you`re dying.` How hard would that have been?»

«If I were sick, that`s not what I`d want. I would have wanted the tools, the ideas,

the vision that Schopenhauer offered in the face of death—and that`s what I delivered to

you.»

«Even now, Philip, you still don`t bother to check your assumption that I have a

fatal illness.»

«Am I mistaken?»

«Come again, Philip. Say the words—it won`t hurt.»

«You said you had significant health problems. Can you tell me more?»

«Good start, Philip. An open–ended comment is by far the best choice.» Julius

paused to collect his thoughts and to consider how much to reveal to Philip. «Well, I`ve

very recently learned that I have a form of skin cancer called malignant melanoma which

poses a serious threat to my life, though my doctors assure me that for the next year I

should remain in good health.»

«I feel even more strongly,” Philip responded, «that the Schopenhaurian vision I

offered in my lecture would be of value to you. In our therapy I remember you once said

that life was a ‘temporary condition with a permanent solution`—that is pure

Schopenhauer.»

«Philip, that perspective was meant in jest.»

«Well we know, don`t we, what your own guru, Sigmund Freud, had to say about

jesting. My point still stands: Schopenhauer`s wisdom contains much that will serve you

well.»

«I`m not your supervisor, Philip, that`s still to be determined, but I`ll give you

psychotherapy lesson number one, gratis.It`s not ideas, nor vision, nor tools that truly

matter in therapy. If you debrief patients at the end of therapy about the process, what do

they remember?Never the ideas—it`salways the relationship. They rarely remember an

important insight their therapist offered but generally fondly recall their personal

relationship with the therapist. And I`m going to venture a guess that this is even true for

you. Why did you remember me so well and value what happened between us so much

that you now, after all these years, turn to me for supervision? It`s not because of those

two comments—however provocative they were—no, I believe it was because of some

bond you felt with me. I believe you might have some deep affection for me, and because

our relationship, however difficult though it might have been, was meaningful, you are

now turning to me again in the hope of some form of embrace.»

«Wrong on all counts, Dr. Hertzfeld...”

«Yeah, yeah, so wrong that the mere mention of an embrace sends you scurrying

back to formal titles again.»

«Wrong on all counts, Julius. First, I want to caution you against the error of

assuming that your view of reality is the real thing—theres naturalis —and that your

mission is to impose this vision on others. You crave and value relationships, and you

make the erroneous assumption that I, indeed everyone, must do the same and that if I

claim otherwise, I`ve repressed my relationship–craving.

«It seems likely,” Philip continued, «that a philosophical approach may be far

preferable for someone like me. The truth is—you and I are fundamentally different. I

havenever drawn pleasure from the company of others—their drivel, their demands, their

ephemeral petty strivings, their pointless lives—are a nuisance and an obstacle to my

communion with the handful of great world spirits who have something of significance to

say.»

«Then why sign on to be a therapist? Why not remain with the great world spirits?

Why busy yourself offering help to these pointless lives?»

«If, like Schopenhauer, I had an inheritance to support myself, I assure you I would

not be here today. It`s entirely a matter of economic need. My educational expenses have

depleted my bank account, my teaching pays a pittance, the college is near bankruptcy,

and I doubt that I will be rehired. I need to see only a few clients a week to meet my

expenses: I live frugally, I wish to acquire nothing except the freedom to pursue what is

truly important to me: my reading, thinking, meditation, music, chess, and my walks with

Rugby, my dog.»

«You have still not answered my question: why come to see me when it is clear I

work in quite a different fashion from the way you want to work? And you haven`t

responded to my conjecture that there`s something about our past relationship drawing

you to me.»

«I didn`t respond because it`s so far off the mark. But since it seems important to

you, I`ll continue to ponder your conjecture. Don`t conclude that I`m questioning the

presence of basic interpersonal needs. Schopenhauer himself said that bipeds—his

term—need to huddle together by the fire for warmth. He cautioned, however, about

getting singed by too much huddling. He liked porcupines—they huddled for warmth but

used their quills to keep their separateness. He treasured his separateness and depended

on nothing outside himself for his happiness. And he wasn`t alone on this; other great

men, Montaigne, for example, shared this way of thinking.

«I also fear bipeds,” Philip continued, «and I agree with his observation that a

happy man is one who can avoid most of his fellow creatures. And how can you not agree

that bipeds create a hell here on Earth? Schopenhauer said, ‘Homo homini lupus`—man

is a wolf to man; I`m certain that he was the inspiration for Sartre`sNo Exit. ”

«All well and good, Philip. But you`re confirming my very point: that you may not

be equipped to work as a therapist. Your point of view leaves no room for friendships.»

«Every time I reach out to another, I end up with less of myself. I have not had a

friendship in adulthood, nor do I care to form one. You may remember I was a solitary

child with a disinterested mother and an unhappy father who eventually took his life. To

be frank, I`ve never met anyone who has anything of interest to offer me. And it`s not

because I haven`t looked. Every time I`ve tried to befriend someone, I`ve had the same

experience as Schopenhauer, who said he only found miserable wretches, men of limited

intelligence, bad heart, and mean disposition. I`m referring to living persons—not to the

great thinkers of the past.

«You met me, Philip.»

«That was a professional relationship. I refer to social encounters.»

«These attitudes are visible in your behavior. With your contempt and lack of

social skills spawned by this contempt, how can you possibly interact with others in a

therapeutic manner?»

«We`re not in disagreement there—I agree I need to work on social skills. A little

friendliness and warmth, Schopenhauer said, makes it possible to manipulate people just

as we need to warm wax if we wish to work it.»

Julius rose, shaking his head. He poured a cup of coffee for himself and paced back

and forth. «Working wax is not just a bad metaphor;—it`s about the worst goddamn

metaphor for therapy I`ve ever encountered—in fact itis the worst. You sure as hell are

not pulling your punches. Nor, incidentally, are you making your friend and therapist,

Arthur Schopenhauer, endearing to me.»

Taking his seat again and sipping his coffee, Julius said, «I`m not repeating my

offer of coffee because I`m assuming you want nothing to do with anything except the

answer to your singular question about supervision. You seem very strongly focused,

Philip, so I will be merciful and cut to the chase. Here`s my decision about supervising

you...”

Philip, who had been averting his gaze throughout this discussion, looked directly

at Julius for the first time.

«You`ve got a fine mind, Philip. You know a great deal. Maybe you`ll find a way

to harness your knowledge in the service of therapy. Maybe you`ll end up making real

contributions. I hope so.But you`re not ready to be a therapist. And you`re not ready for

supervision. Your interpersonal skills, sensitivity, and awareness need work—a lot of

work. But I want to be helpful to you. I failed once, and now I`ve got a second chance.

Can you think of me as your ally, Philip?»

«Let me answer that question after I hear your proposal, which I assume is

imminent.»

«Jesus! All right, here it is. I, Julius Hertzfeld, agree to be Philip Slate`s supervisor

if,and only if, he first spends six months as a patient in my psychotherapy group.»

For once, Philip was startled. He had not anticipated Julius`s response. «You`re not

serious.»

«Never been more.»

«I tell you that after so many years of sloshing about in the sewers I`ve finally got

my life together. I tell you that I want to earn a living as a therapist and that to do so I

need a supervisor—that`s the one thing I need. Instead you offer me what I don`t want

and can`t afford.»

«I repeat, you`re not ready for supervision, not ready to be a therapist, but I think

that group therapy can begin to address your deficits. Those are my conditions. First, a

course of group therapy and then, and only then, will I supervise you.»

«Your group therapy fees?»

«Not high. Seventy dollars for a ninety–minute session. And, incidentally, that`s

billed even if you miss a meeting.»

«How many patients in the group?»

«I try to keep it about seven.»

«Seven times seventy dollars—that`s four hundred and ninety dollars. For an hour

and a half. That`s an interesting commercial venture. And what`s the point of group

therapy—the way you do it?»

«The point? What have we been talking about? Look, Philip, I`ll be blunt: how can

you be a therapist when you don`t know what the fuck is going on between you and other

people?»

«No, no. I`ve gottenthat point. My question was imprecise. I`ve had no training in

group therapy and am asking for clarification about how it operates. How will it profit me

to hear others describe their lives and problems en masse? The very idea of such a chorus

of misery appalls me, although, as Schopenhauer points out, there is always pleasure in

learning that others suffer more than you.»

«Oh, you`re asking for an orientation. That`s a justified request. I make a point of

providing an orientation to group therapy to every patient entering a group. Every

therapist should do that. So let me give you my spiel. First, my approach is rigorously

interpersonal, and I make the assumption that each member is in the group because of

difficulties in establishing sustaining relationships...”

«But, that`s not true. I neither wish nor need...”

«I know, I know. Just humor me on this, Philip. I merely said I make the

assumption that these interpersonal difficulties are present—I assume it`s the case

whether you agree or not. As for my goal in the therapy group, I can be real clear about

that:it is to help each member understand as much as possible about how he or she

relates to each person in the group, including the therapist. I maintain a here–and–now

focus—that`s an essential concept for you to master as a therapist, Philip. In other words,

the group works ahistorically: we focus on thenow —there`s no need to investigate each

member`s past history in depth—we focus on the current moment in the group; and on

thehere —forget about what members say has gone wrong in other relationships—I make

the assumption that group members will manifest the same behavior in the group that has

created difficulties for them in their social life. And I further assume that ultimately they

will generalize what they learn about their group relationships to their relationships

outside. Is that clear? I can give you reading material if you wish.»

«It`s clear. What ground rules does the group have?»

«First confidentiality—you speak to no one about other members of the group.

Second—you strive to reveal yourself and to be honest in expressing your perceptions of

other members and your feelings about them. Third—everything must go on inside the

group. If there is contact between members outside the group, it must be brought back

into the group and discussed.»

«And this is the only way you`re willing to supervise me?»

«Absolutely. You want me to train you? Well, this is my prerequisite.»

Philip sat silently with eyes closed and his forehead resting on his clasped hands.

Then he opened his eyes and said, «I`ll go along with your suggestion only if you are

willing to credit the group therapy sessions as supervisory hours.»

«That`s a stretch, Philip. Can you imagine the ethical dilemma that creates for

me?»

«Can you imagine the dilemma your proposal creates for me? To turn my attention

to my relations with others when I never wish for anyone to be anything to me. Besides,

did you not imply that improving my social skills will make me more effective as a

therapist?»

Julius stood up, took his coffee cup to the sink, shook his head, wondered about

what he had gotten himself into, returned to his seat, exhaled slowly, and said, «Fair

enough, I`ll agree to sign off the group therapy hours as supervision.»

«One other thing: we haven`t discussed the logistics of the exchange—of my

offering you guidance on Schopenhauer.»

«Whatever we do on that matter will have to wait, Philip. Another therapy pointer:

avoid dual relationships with patients—they will interfere with therapy. I refer to all

kinds of ancillary relationships: romantic, business, even teacher and student. So I much

prefer, and this is for your sake, to keep our relationship clean and clear. That`s why I am

suggesting we start with the group and then, in the future, enter into a supervisory

relationship, and then, possibly—I make no promises—a philosophy tutorial. Though at

the moment I feel no great desire to study Schopenhauer.»

«Still, can we establish a fee for my future philosophical consultation with you.»

«That`s iffy, and a long way off, Philip.»

«I`d still like to set the fee.»

«You continue to amaze me, Philip. The goddamnedest things you worry about!

And the things you don`t!»

«Just the same, what`s a fair fee?»

«My policy is to charge the supervisee the same fee I charge for individual

therapy—with some reduction for beginning students.»

«Done,” said Philip, nodding.

«Hold on, Philip, I want to be certain you`ve heard me say that the idea of a

Schopenhauer tutorial arrangement is not of great import to me. When the topic first

arose between us, all I did was to voice some slight interest in how Schopenhauer had

provided so much help to you, and you ran with the ball and assumed we had made a

contractual arrangement.»

«I hope to increase your interest in his work. He had much to say of great value to

our field. In so many ways he anticipated Freud, who borrowed his work wholesale,

without acknowledgement.»

«I`ll keep an open mind, but, I repeat, many of the things you`ve said about

Schopenhauer do not pique my desire to know more about his work.»

«Including what I said in my lecture about his views on death?»

«Especially that. The idea that one`s essential being will ultimately be reunited

with some vague, ethereal universal life force offers me zero comfort. If there is no

persistence of consciousness, what possible solace could I draw from that? By the same

token, I get little comfort from knowing that my bodily molecules will be dispersed into

space and that ultimately my DNA will end up being a part of some other life–form.»

«I`d like us to read together his essays on death and on the indestructibility of

being. If we did, I`m certain—”

«Not now, Philip. At the moment I`m not as much interested in death as I am in

living the rest of my life as fully as possible—that`s where I am.»

«Death is always there, the horizon of all these concerns. Socrates said it most

clearly, ‘to learn to live well, one must first learn to die well.` Or Seneca, ‘No man enjoys

the true taste of life but he who is willing and ready to quit it.`”

«Yes, yes, I know these homilies, and maybe in the abstract they are true. And I

have no quarrel with incorporating the wisdom of philosophy into psychotherapy. I`m all

for it. And I also know that Schopenhauer has served you well in many ways. But not in

all ways: there`s a possibility that you may need some remedial work. And that`s where

the group comes in. I look forward to seeing you here for your first meeting next Monday

at four–thirty.»